Important parameters should be paid attention in PTMC radiofrequency ablation.

In order to provide clinical references for the RFA procedure and to study the pivotal factors affecting the recovery time of radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC), 176 patients with low-risk intrathyroidal PTMC were included in this research. We randomly divided the whole cohort into training and test groups at a ratio of 7:3. The two-sample t-test was used to detect differences between the two groups. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used to select the best predictor variables for predicting the status of RFA zone. Multiple test methods were used to ensure the scientific nature and accuracy of the Cox proportional hazards model. We tested the performance for the parameters and revealed the best cut-off value of each variable by the ROC curve and log-rank tests. The results showed patients aged above 49 years old, with RFA energy above 2800 J, the average diameter of the original tumour above 0.6 cm, or the average diameter of ablation zone at 1 month after RFA above 1.1 cm are risk factors for RFA zone delayed healing.

A Diagnostic Model for Breast Lesions With Enlarged Enhancement Extent on Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Improves Malignancy Prediction.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the work described here was to develop a diagnostic model based on contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features to improve performance in predicting the probability of malignancy for breast lesions with an enlarged enhancement extent on CEUS. METHODS: In total, 299 consecutive patients who underwent CEUS examination and had confirmed pathological results were retrospectively enrolled. Among the 299 patients, an enlarged enhancement extent on CEUS was found in 142 patients. In this special cohort, we analyzed the association of malignant pathologic results with perfusion patterns emphatically by reclassifying the patterns. RESULTS: A diagnostic model was developed and presented as a nomogram, assessed with discrimination and calibration. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis revealed that the areas under the curves of the conventional perfusion and modified perfusion patterns were 0.58 and 0.76 (p < 0.001), respectively. A diagnostic model was built and exhibited good discrimination with a C-index of 0.95 (95% confidence interval: 0.91-0.98), which was confirmed to be 0.93 via internal bootstrapping validation. CONCLUSION: The nomogram based on CEUS features provides radiologists with a quantitative tool to predict the probability of malignancy in this special cohort of breast lesions.

Clinical features combined with ultrasound-based radiomics nomogram for discrimination between benign and malignant lesions in ultrasound suspected supraclavicular lymphadenectasis.

Background: Conventional ultrasound (CUS) is the first choice for discrimination benign and malignant lymphadenectasis in supraclavicular lymph nodes (SCLNs), which is important for the further treatment. Radiomics provide more comprehensive and richer information than radiographic images, which are imperceptible to human eyes. Objective: This study aimed to explore the clinical value of CUS-based radiomics analysis in preoperative differentiation of malignant from benign lymphadenectasis in CUS suspected SCLNs. Methods: The characteristics of CUS images of 189 SCLNs were retrospectively analyzed, including 139 pathologically confirmed benign SCLNs and 50 malignant SCLNs. The data were randomly divided (7:3) into a training set (n=131) and a validation set (n=58). A total of 744 radiomics features were extracted from CUS images, radiomics score (Rad-score) built were using least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) logistic regression. Rad-score model, CUS model, radiomics-CUS (Rad-score + CUS) model, clinic-radiomics (Clin + Rad-score) model, and combined CUS-clinic-radiomics (Clin + CUS + Rad-score) model were built using logistic regression. Diagnostic accuracy was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: A total of 20 radiomics features were selected from 744 radiomics features and calculated to construct Rad-score. The AUCs of Rad-score model, CUS model, Clin + Rad-score model, Rad-score + CUS model, and Clin + CUS + Rad-score model were 0.80, 0.72, 0.85, 0.83, 0.86 in the training set and 0.77, 0.80, 0.82, 0.81, 0.85 in the validation set. There was no statistical significance among the AUC of all models in the training and validation set. The calibration curve also indicated the good predictive performance of the proposed nomogram. Conclusions: The Rad-score model, derived from supraclavicular ultrasound images, showed good predictive effect in differentiating benign from malignant lesions in patients with suspected supraclavicular lymphadenectasis.

Catalytically Active Metal-Organic Frameworks Elicit Robust Immune Response to Combination Chemodynamic and Checkpoint Blockade Immunotherapy.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) strategies rely on the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill tumor cells, with hydroxyl radicals (•OH) serving as the key mediators of cytotoxicity in this setting. However, the efficacy of CDT approaches is often hampered by the properties of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and associated limitations to the Fenton reaction that constrains ROS generation. As such, there is a pressing need for the design of new nanoplatforms capable of improving CDT outcomes. In this study, an Fc-based metal-organic framework (MOF) vitamin k3 (Vk3)-loaded cascade catalytic nanoplatform (Vk3@Co-Fc) was developed. This platform was capable of undergoing TME-responsive degradation without impacting normal cells. After its release, Vk3 was processed by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen phosphate (NAD(P)H) quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1), which is highly expressed in tumor cells, thereby yielding large quantities of H2O2 that in turn interact with Fe ions via the Fenton reaction to facilitate in situ cytotoxic •OH production. This process leads to immunogenic cell death (ICD) of the tumor, which then promotes dendritic cell maturation and ultimately increases T cell infiltration into the tumor site. When this nanoplatform was combined with programmed death 1 (PD-1) checkpoint blockade approaches, it was sufficient to enhance tumor-associated immune responses in breast cancer as evidenced by increases in the frequencies of CD45+ leukocytes and CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, thereby inhibiting tumor metastasis to the lungs and improving murine survival outcomes. Together, this Vk3@Co-Fc cascading catalytic nanoplatform enables potent cancer immunotherapy for breast cancer regression and metastasis prevention.

TiSe2-mediated sonodynamic and checkpoint blockade combined immunotherapy in hypoxic pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic cancer remains among the most prevalent and aggressive forms of cancer. While immunotherapeutic treatment strategies have shown some promise in affected patients, the benefits of these interventions have been limited by insufficient tumor infiltration by activated T cells. RESULTS: Here, Titanium diselenide (TiSe2) nanosheets were synthesized with good stability. When exposed to ultrasound (US), the TiSe2 nanosheets served as a reliable nano-sensitizer capable of inducing large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediating sonodynamic therapy (SDT) under hypoxic and normoxic conditions. The tumor-released TAAs induced by TiSe2 nanosheet-mediated SDT promoted immunogenic cell death (ICD) conducive to the maturation of dendritic cells (DCs), and cytokine secretion and the subsequent activation and infiltration of T cells into the tumor. Combining TiSe2-mediated SDT with anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockade treatment led to the efficient suppression of the growth of both primary tumor and distant tumor, while simultaneously preventing lung metastasis. These improved immunotherapeutic and anti-metastatic outcomes were associated with activated systematic antitumor immune responses, including the higher levels of DC maturation and cytokine secretion, the increased levels of CD8+ T cells and the decreased levels of Treg cells infiltrated in tumors. CONCLUSION: TiSe2 can be used as a sonosensitizer with good efficacy and high safety to mediate efficient SDT. The combination treatment strategy comprised of TiSe2-mediated SDT and PD-1 blockade activate anti-tumor immune responses effectively thorough inducing ICD, resulting in the inhibition the growth and metastasis of tumor. The combination therapy holds promise as a novel immunotherapy-based intervention strategy for pancreatic cancer patients.

Nomogram for preoperative estimation risk of cervical lymph node metastasis in medullary thyroid carcinoma.

Objectives: Cervical lymph node metastasis (CLNM) is common in medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), but how to manage cervical lymph node involvement of clinically negative MTC is still controversial. This study evaluated the preoperative features and developed an ultrasound (US)-based nomogram to preoperatively predict the CLNM of MTC. Materials and methods: A total of 74 patients with histologically confirmed MTC were included in this retrospective study and assigned to the CLNM-positive group and CLNM-negative group based on the pathology. The associations between CLNM and preoperative clinical and sonographic characteristics (size, location, solid component, shape, margin, echogenicity, calcification, and extracapsular invasion of the tumor) were evaluated by the use of univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis. A nomogram to predict the risk of the CLNM of MTC was built and assessed in terms of discrimination, calibration, and clinical usefulness. Results: The nomogram was based on three factors (tumor margin, US-reported suspicious lymph node, and extracapsular invasion US features) and exhibited good discrimination with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.919 (95% CI, 0.856-0.932). The calibration curves of the nomogram displayed a good agreement between the probability as predicted by the nomogram and the actual CLNM incidence. Conclusions: We constructed and validated a US-based nomogram to predict the risk of CLNM in MTC patients, which can be easily evaluated before surgery. This model is helpful for clinical decision-making.

PBL teaching in ultrasonography resident standardization training in the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of the problem-based learning (PBL) method in ultrasonography (US) resident standardization training during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Fifty residents were divided into two groups to participate in a 30-day US training program. The residents in the observation group underwent PBL combined with the lecture-based learning (LBL) method, while the residents in the control group experienced the LBL method alone, with 25 residents in each group. A basic theoretical test, practical examination, and questionnaire were used to evaluate the teaching effect of the PBL + LBL method and the LBL method alone. RESULTS: The basic theoretical pretest score of the observation group was not significantly different from that of the control group. However, the posttest theoretical score and practical score were significantly higher in the observation group than in the control group (P < 0.01). The results of the questionnaire showed that the resident satisfaction level in the observation group with PBL combined with the LBL method was 96%, which was significantly higher than that of the control group with the LBL method alone (80%) (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The combination of PBL with the LBL method has obvious advantages over the LBL method alone in regard to the training of US residents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Utility of quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound for the prediction of lymph node metastasis in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to find the optimal parameters and cutoffs to differentiate metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) from benign LNs in the patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) on the quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features. METHODS: A total of 134 LNs in 105 patients with PTCs were retrospectively enrolled. All LNs were evaluated by conventional ultrasound (US) and CEUS before biopsy or surgery. The diagnostic efficacy of CEUS parameters was analyzed. RESULTS: Univariate analysis indicated that metastatic LNs more often manifested centripetal or asynchronous perfusion, hyper-enhancement, heterogeneous enhancement, ring-enhancing margins, higher PI, larger AUC, longer TTP and DT/2 than benign LNs at pre-operative CEUS (p < 0.001, for all). Multivariate analysis showed that centripetal or asynchronous perfusion (OR = 3.163; 95% CI, 1.721-5.812), hyper-enhancement(OR = 0.371; 95% CI, 0.150-0.917), DT/2 (OR = 7.408; 95% confidence interval CI, 1.496-36.673), and AUC (OR = 8.340; 95% CI, 2.677-25.984) were predictive for the presence of metastatic LNs. The sensitivity and accuracy of the quantitative CEUS were higher than qualitative CEUS (75% vs 55 % and 83.6% vs 76.1 %, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative CEUS parameters can provide more information to distinguish metastatic from benign LNs in PTC patients; In particular, DT/2 and AUC have a higher sensitivity and accuracy in predicting the presence of metastatic LNs and reduce unnecessary sampling of benign LNs.

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound Improves the Accuracy of the ACR TI-RADS in the Diagnosis of Thyroid Nodules Located in the Isthmus.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of the American College of Radiology (ACR) Thyroid Image Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS), contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), and a modified TI-RADS in differentiating benign and malignant nodules located in the isthmus. METHODS: This retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board. Informed consent was obtained. Grayscale ultrasound (US) and CEUS images were obtained for 203 isthmic thyroid nodules (46 benign and 157 malignant) in 198 consecutive patients (156 women, mean age: 44.7 years ±â€Š11.3 [standard deviation]; 47 men, mean age: 40.9 years ±â€Š11.0). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of the diagnostic performance of the ACR TI-RADS, CEUS, and the modified TI-RADS were evaluated. RESULTS: Lobulated or irregular margins (P = 0.001; odds ratio [OR] = 9.250) and punctate echogenic foci (P = 0.007; OR = 4.718) on US and hypoenhancement (P < 0.001; OR = 20.888) on CEUS displayed a significant association with malignancy located in the isthmus. The most valuable method to distinguish benign nodules from malignant nodules was the modified TI-RADS (AUC: 0.863 with modified TR5), which was significantly better than the ACR TI-RADS (AUC: 0.738 with ACR TR5) (P < 0.001) but showed no significant difference with respect to CEUS (AUC: 0.835 with hypoenhancement) (P = 0.205). The diagnostic value was significantly different between CEUS and the ACR TI-RADS (P = 0.028). CONCLUSION: The modified TI-RADS could significantly improve the accuracy of the diagnosis of thyroid nodules located in the isthmus.

Diagnostic Performance of Ultrasound Strain Elastography in Transverse and Longitudinal Views in Predicting Malignant Thyroid Nodules.

Agreement between ultrasound strain elastography (SE) scores of transverse and longitudinal views of thyroid nodules was investigated, and the diagnostic performance of these scores in predicting thyroid malignancy was assessed. From December 2016 to February 2017, a total of 250 thyroid nodules in 232 patients (62 males and 188 females, mean age: 45 y [20-75 y]) were enrolled. Diagnostic agreement between SE scores obtained in different views was assessed. Sensitivity, specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (Az) of the SE score in different criteria (criterion 1, SE score ≥4 from any view is defined as suspicious; criterion 2, SE score ≥4 as in only transverse view; and criterion 3, SE score ≥4 only from longitudinal view) were evaluated. Diagnostic agreement between SE scores of different views was fair (κ = 0.227). The Az value for criterion 1 (0.770, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.713, 0.820) was the highest among the three criteria, significantly higher than that of criterion 2 (0.692, 95% CI: 0.631, 0.749) (p < 0.001), but not statistically significantly different from that of criterion 3 (0.768, 95% CI: 0.711, 0.819) (p = 0.909). However, the Az value for criterion 3 was higher than that for criterion 2 (p < 0.005). The results indicated that criterion 1 had high sensitivity (80.0%) and criterion 2 had high specificity (68.0%). Our study found that the agreement between SE scores of different views was fair. SE scores ≥4 in either view were most sensitive for predicting malignant thyroid nodules.

The clinical role of contrast enhanced ultrasound in differential diagnosis of BI-RADS 4 breast disease.

OBJECTIVE: To clarify the clinical role of contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in predicting BI-RADS 4 breast disease. METHODS: A total of 92 sites of BI-RADS 4 breast diseases were reassessed by routine ultrasound and CEUS. The main indicators of routine ultrasound, CEUS and the combination of the two modalities were picked up by binary logistic regression analysis, scoring 0 for benign and 1 for malignant characteristics with pathology as referential standard to generate corresponding score systems of them. Finally, the receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) were applied to compare the diagnostic efficacy of the three score systems. RESULTS: As pathological results showing, there were 43 malignant and 49 benign sites in total. Binary logistic regression analysis indicated that the margin, micro-calcification, and hyperechoic halo were main indicators for routine ultrasound score system. The scope expansion and pathological vessels in CEUS were main indicators for CEUS score system. The microcalcification, hyperechoic halo, the scope expansion and pathological vessels in CEUS were main indicators for the combination score system of the two modalities. The sensitivity, specificity and the area under ROC curve (AUC) of routine US, CEUS and the combination of the two modalities score systems were 74.4%, 91.8%, 0.885 and 88.4%, 87.8%, 0.901 and 86.0%, 95.9%, 0.937, respectively. CONCLUSION: In summary, CEUS is helpful for us to identify malignant disease and plays a supplementary role in predicting BI-RADS 4 breast disease in some extent. The scope expansion and pathological vessels in CEUS may be the most useful indicators.

Long non-coding RNA TTN-AS1 facilitates tumorigenesis of papillary thyroid cancer through modulating the miR-153-3p/ZNRF2 axis.

BACKGROUND: Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are crucial modulators in the tumorigenesis of numerous cancers, including papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). However, it is unclear whether lncRNA TTN antisense RNA 1 (TTN-AS1) can regulate PTC progression. The present study aimed to reveal the mechanism and function of TTN-AS1 in PTC. METHODS: TTN-AS1 expression in 92 pairs PTC tissues and four PTC cells was measured via a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay. The relationship of TTN-AS1 expression and clinical pathological features of PTC patients was analyzed using a chi-squared test. The biofunction of TTN-AS1 in PTC was identified by loss or gain-of-function assays. Based on bioinformatics analysis and mechanism experiments, the molecular mechanism of TTN-AS1 was analyzed and identified. RESULTS: A high level of TTN-AS1 was observed in PTC tissues and cells. The expression level of TTN-AS1 is possibly associated with lymphatic metastasis, TNM stage and the overall survival of PTC patients. Functionally, TTN-AS1 knockdown inhibited cell proliferation, migration, invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in PTC, whereas overexpression of TTN-AS1 led to the opposite results. Mechanistically, TTN-AS1 acted as a competing endogenous RNA by sponging microRNA-153-3p (miR-153-3p) to elevate zinc and ring finger 2 (ZNRF2) expression. Additionally, a high level of TTN-AS1 in PTC was closely correlated with the activity of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. CONCLUSIONS: The findings obtained in the present study indicate that TTN-AS1 facilitated PTC progression by regulating the miR-153-3p/ZNRF2 axis and activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

The features of contrast enhanced ultrasound and BRAF V600E in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: BRAF V600E mutation was proved to be associated with thyroid cancer. Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) with positive BRAF mutation might have a more aggressive behavior. We investigated the correlation of the contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) features with BRAF 600VE in PTC. METHODS: The medical records of 1,199 patients with 1,315 nodules who underwent CEUS prior to fine needle aspiration (FNA) from January 2016 to March 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. The features of their enhancement were assessed from eight aspects: degree of enhancement, method of enhancement, homogeneity of enhancement, completeness of enhancement, boundary of the enhanced lesions, shape of the enhanced lesions, size of the enhanced lesions, and wash out period of the enhanced lesions. The patients then examined for the BRAF V600E mutation using specimens obtained from FNA. RESULTS: BRAF mutations were found in 888 of 1,315 nodules. The CEUS features were significantly different between BRAF-positive and BRAF-negative nodules. The BRAF mutation positive nodules were more often with larger size, hypo-enhancement, centripetal enhancement, inhomogeneous enhancement, complete enhancement, blurred boundary, irregular shape, and with wash out period at preoperative CEUS than those without BRAF mutations (P<0.001). However, no significant correlation was showed in Spearman's rank correlation between the CEUS features and BRAF mutation, except for degree of enhancement, method pattern of enhancement, and completeness of complete enhancement. Multivariate analysis showed that centripetal (OR: 1.465, 95% CI: 1.129-1.903) and no significant enhancement (OR: 0.790, 95% CI: 0.639-0.977) were predictive for the presence of BRAF mutations. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of no significant enhancement and centripetal enhancement of CEUS for predicting BRAF mutation were 68.3%, 40.0%, 91.6%, 11.7%, and 72.4%, 35.1%, 37.8%, 70.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicated that preoperative thyroid nodule characteristics on CEUS might serve as a useful tool to BRAF mutation in PTC.

Role of Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in the Pre-operative Diagnosis of Cervical Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma.

The objective of this study was to prospectively evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (CEUS) in differentiating between benign and metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Three hundred nineteen cervical lymph nodes (162 metastatic from PTC and 157 benign) were evaluated using conventional ultrasonography (US) and CEUS before biopsy or surgery. Metastatic lymph nodes more often manifested centripetal or asynchronous perfusion, hyper-enhancement, heterogeneous enhancement, perfusion defects and ring-enhancing margins than benign lymph nodes at pre-operative CEUS (all p values < 0.001). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the combination of conventional US and CEUS (0.983, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.971-0.994) was higher than that of conventional US alone (0.929, 95% CI: 0.899-0.958) and CEUS (0.911, 95% CI: 0.876-0.947). In conclusion, CEUS is a promising tool in conjunction with conventional US for the pre-operative prediction of metastatic cervical lymph nodes in patients with PTC.

The therapeuatic effect of Endostar on soft carotid plaque neovascularization in patients with non-small cell lung cancer.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the angiogenesis inhibitor Endostar on carotid plaque neovascularization in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) using contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Ninety-one patients who had NSCLC with soft carotid plaques were selected for treatment either with the NP regimen (vinorelbine + cisplatin) (43 patients) or with the ENP regimen (Endostar + NP) (48 patients). Plaque thickness and neovascularization of the plaque were assessed before and at 1 month after treatment using CEUS. Enhanced intensity (EI) of CEUS was used for quantification of plaque neovascularization. There was no significant changes in any group in thickness of plaque between recruitment and 1 month after treatment (P > 0.05 for all). There was no significant change in the EI of plaque in the controls or NP groups at 1 month after treatment (P > 0.05), while EI in the ENP group was significantly reduced at 1 month after treatment (P < 0.01) and significantly lower than that in the controls or NP group at 1 month after treatment (P < 0.001 both). This study indicates that carotid soft plaque neovascularization in patients with NSCLC can be reduced by anti-angiogenesis treatment.

Conventional US, elastography, and contrast enhanced US features of papillary thyroid microcarcinoma predict central compartment lymph node metastases.

Lymph node metastases at the time of diagnosis have a major impact on both therapeutic strategy and tumor recurrence for patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC). Our objective was to evaluate the usefulness of PTMC characteristics on ultrasonography for predicting central compartment lymph node metastases (CCLNM) of PTMC. One hundred twenty seven patients who underwent surgery for PTMC were enrolled in this study. The relationship between the CCLNM and the characteristics on conventional US, elastographic, and contrast enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) were investigated. Univariate analysis indicated that PTMCs with CCLNM were more often nodule irregular shape, microcalcifications, hyperenhancing or isoenhancing parametric maps, and peak index ≥1 at preoperative US and CEUS than those without CCLNM (P< 0.01, 0.05, 0.01 and 0.05 respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that microcalcification (OR:2.378, 95% CI: 1.096-5.158) and hyperenhancement or isoenhancement (OR:2.8, 95% CI: 1.287-6.094) were predictive for the presence of CCLNM. Elastography score was not significantly different between the groups. Our study indicated that preoperative thyroid nodule characteristics on conventional US and CEUS may serve as a useful tool to predict central compartment lymph node metastases in PTMC.

Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas located at the middle part of the middle third of the thyroid gland correlates with the presence of neck metastasis.

BACKGROUND: Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas (PTMCs), located at upper poles of the thyroid, are associated with lateral neck metastasis (LNM) according to previous reports. Controversy remains regarding the correlation between the location of PTMCs and central neck metastasis (CNM). METHODS: Medical records of 949 patients with PTMCs diagnosed between 2010 and 2013 were reviewed retrospectively. With a subdivision of the middle third of the thyroid gland, correlations between tumor location and CNM/LNM along with other clinicopathologic factors were analyzed by binary logistic regression. RESULTS: PTMCs located in the middle part of the middle third of the thyroid gland (MPMT) showed the greatest rate of CNM (57.5%) among all locations. PTMCs located at isthmus showed the second greatest rate of CNM (44.3%). In the multivariate analysis, MPMT, tumor size >0.5 cm, young and middle age, male sex, multifocality within the affected lobe, and capsular invasion were correlated with CNM. PTMCs located at upper poles and MPMT showed comparatively high rates of LNM (8.6% and 8.3%). Consistent with previous reports, an upper pole location, MPMT, and a tumor size >0.5 cm greatly correlated with LNM in the multivariate analysis. Eleven patients had skip metastases, which only occurred with upper/lower pole locations and MPMT. CONCLUSION: PTMCs located in the MPMT correlated with both CNM and LNM. Tumor location along with other clinicopathologic factors such as young and middle age, male sex, and tumor size >0.5 cm could facilitate preoperative stratification and guide operative management for patients with PTMC.

Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) facilitated US in detecting lateral neck lymph node metastasis of thyroid cancer patients: diagnosis value and enhancement patterns of malignant lymph nodes.

OBJECTIVES: To examine the value of CEUS as a non-invasive tool in detecting lateral neck metastasis (LNM) and the enhancement patterns of malignant lymph nodes (LN) for thyroid cancer patients. METHODS: Eighty-two consecutive patients, who underwent both preoperative non-enhanced US and CEUS examinations, were retrospectively reviewed. All patients underwent lateral neck dissection (LND). Enhancement patterns of 102 collected LNs matching to CEUS findings were analyzed. RESULTS: CEUS detected LNM in 53 of 65 patients, showing a higher sensitivity and accuracy than that of conventional US (p = 0.109 and p = 0.154, respectively). Thirteen patients' surgical procedures were altered by CEUS findings, including nine true positive and four false positive cases. Five patients' surgical procedures were altered by conventional US findings, including two true positive and three false positive cases. Heterogeneous enhancement, perfusion defects, microcalcification, and centripetal/hybrid enhancement were all specific criteria for malignant LNs in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, only heterogeneous enhancement and centripetal/hybrid enhancement were significantly related to LN metastasis (p = 0.000 and p = 0.037, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: CEUS may be a potential tool to facilitate conventional US in detecting LNM. Heterogeneous enhancement and centripetal/hybrid enhancement are useful criteria to distinguish between malignant and benign LNs. KEY POINTS: • CEUS findings facilitated conventional US in detecting LNM. • Heterogeneous, centripetal/hybrid enhancement, microcalcification and perfusion defects were specific criteria of malignant LNs. • Heterogeneous and centripetal/hybrid enhancement were significantly related to LN metastasis in multivariate analysis.

Relationship between enhanced intensity of contrast enhanced ultrasound and microvessel density of aortic atherosclerostic plaque in rabbit model.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between enhanced intensity of contrast enhanced ultrasound and microvessel density of aortic atherosclerotic plaque in rabbit model. The abdominal aortas of thirty-six male New Zealand rabbits were damaged by balloon expansion and the animals were then fed a high fat diet for 12 weeks. Twenty-seven plaques on the near aortic wall were detected using conventional ultrasound examination. The maximum thickness of each plaque was recorded. CEUS was performed on these 27 plaques and the time-intensity curves (TICs) were analyzed offline. Using the quantitative ACQ software, features such as the arrival time (AT), time to peak (TTP), baseline intensity (BI), peak intensity (PI) and enhanced intensity (EI) (EI = PI-BI) were assessed. Inter- and intra-observer agreement of EI were assessed using the Bland-Altman test. After CEUS examination, the rabbits were sacrificed for pathological examination and CD34 monoclonal antibody immunohistochemical detection. Microvessel density (MVD) was counted under the microscope. The relationship between indexes of CEUS and the level of MVD was analyzed. There was a good positive linear correlation between EI and MVD (γ = 0. 854, P<0. 001), the intraclass correlations for inter- and intra-observer agreement for EI were 0.73 and 0.82 respectively, suggesting that EI may be act as a useful index for plaque risk stratification in animal models.

Tremella Polysaccharides attenuated sepsis through inhibiting abnormal CD4⁺CD25(high) regulatory T cells in mice.

Tremella Polysaccharides (TPS) have been reported to play an important role in regulating immune responses. Tregs are widely identified as the critical reason for immune dysfunction during sepsis. However, whether TPS could influence the immunomodulatory activities of Tregs in post-burn sepsis mice remains unclear. In this experiment, we researched the effects of TPS on peripheral blood Tregs in sepsis mouse induced by burn plus Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. Results showed that TPS reversed the influences of Tregs on CD4⁺T cells proliferation and polarization and declined the level of IL-10 in burn plus P. aeruginosa infection mice. In addition, TPS notably reduced the mortality of post-burn sepsis mice. Therefore, TPS could inhibit the abnormal activities of CD4⁺CD25(high) Tregs in burn with P. aeruginosa infection mice, at least in part via inhibiting IL-10 secretion, and trigger a shift of Th2 to Th1 with activation of CD4⁺T cells in burn with P. aeruginosa infection mice.